Passage to India Analysis Free Essays

Stylistics (writing) From Wikipedia, the free reference book | This article’sâ toneâ or style may not mirror the exhaustive tone utilized on Wikipedia. See Wikipedia’sâ guide to composing better articlesâ for proposals. (October 2010)| Stylisticsâ is the examination and translation of writings from an etymological point of view. We will compose a custom paper test on Entry to India Analysis or on the other hand any comparative subject just for you Request Now As an order it linksâ literary criticismâ andâ linguistics, yet has no independent area of its own. 1][2] The favored object of expressive examinations isâ literature, however not solely â€Å"high literature† yet in addition different types of composed messages, for example, content from the areas ofâ advertising,â pop culture,â politicsâ orâ religion. [3] Stylistics additionally endeavors to build up standards fit for clarifying the specific decisions made by people and social gatherings in their utilization of language, such asâ socialisation, the creation and gathering ofâ meaning, criticalâ discourse analysisâ andâ literary analysis. Different highlights of stylistics incorporate the utilization ofâ dialogue, including regionalâ accentsâ and people’sâ dialects, enlightening language, the utilization ofâ grammar, for example, theâ active voiceâ orâ passive voice, the appropriation ofâ sentenceâ lengths, the utilization of particularâ language registers, and so on. Also, stylistics is an unmistakable term that might be utilized to decide the associations between the structure and impacts inside a specific assortment of language. Along these lines, stylistics sees what is ‘going on’ inside the language; what the phonetic affiliations are that the style of language uncovers. Contentsâ â [hide]â * 1 Early twentieth century * 2 Late twentieth century * 3 Literary stylistics * 3. 1 Poetry * 3. 2 Implicature * 3. 3 Tense * 3. 4 The purpose of verse * 4 See likewise * 5 Notes * 6 References and related perusing * 7 External links| â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€- [edit]Early twentieth century The examination of artistic style returns to Classical talk, however present day stylistics has its underlying foundations in Russian Formalism,[4]â and the related Prague School, in the mid twentieth century. In 1909, Charles Bally’s Traite de tylistique francaiseâ had proposed stylistics as an unmistakable scholastic order to complementSaussurean linguistics. For Bally, Saussure’s phonetics without anyone else couldn’t completely depict the language of individual articulation. [5] Bally’s program fitted well with the points of the Prague School. [6] Bu ilding on the thoughts of the Russian Formalists, the Prague School built up the idea ofâ foregrounding, whereby wonderful language stands apart from the foundation of non-artistic language by implies ofâ deviationâ (from the standards of ordinary language) orâ parallelism. 7] According to the Prague School, the foundation language isn’t fixed, and the connection among graceful and regular language is continually moving. [8] â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€- [edit]Late twentieth century Roman Jakobsonâ had been a functioning individual from the Russian Formalists and the Prague School, before emigrating to America during the 1940s. He united Russian Formalism and American New Criticismâ in his Closing Statementâ at a meeting on stylistics at Indiana Universityâ in 1958. 9] Published as Linguistics and Poeticsâ in 1960, Jakobson’s address is regularly credited with being the main reasonable detailing o f stylistics, and his contention was that the investigation of wonderful language ought to be a sub-part of semantics. [10] The poetic functionâ was one of six generalâ functions of languageâ he depicted in the talk. Michael Hallidayâ is a significant figure in the advancement of British stylistics. [11] His 1971 study Linguistic Function and Literary Style: An Inquiry into the Language of William Golding’s ‘The Inheritors’â is a key article. 12] One of Halliday’s commitments has been the utilization of the termâ registerâ to clarify the associations among language and its specific circumstance. [13]For Halliday register is particular fromâ dialect. Lingo alludes to the routine language of a specific client in a particular geological or social setting. Register depicts the decisions made by the user,[14]â choices which rely upon three variables:â fieldâ (â€Å"what the participants†¦ are really occupied with doing†, for exa mple, talking about a particular subject or topic),[15]tenorâ (who is participating in the trade) andâ modeâ (the use to which the language is being put). Fowler remarks that various fields produce diverse language, most clearly at the level of vocabulary (Fowler. 1996, 192) The linguist David Crystalâ points out that Halliday’s ‘tenor’ remains as a generally proportionate term for ‘style’, which is an increasingly explicit option utilized by language specialists to stay away from equivocalness. (Precious stone. 1985, 292) Halliday’s third category,â mode, is the thing that he alludes to as the representative association of the circumstance. Downes perceives two particular angles inside the class of mode and proposes that in addition to the fact that it describes the connection to the medium: composed, spoken, etc, yet additionally depicts theâ genreâ of the content. Downes. 1998, 316) Halliday alludes to type as pre-coded language, language that has not just been utilized previously, however that predetermines the determination of printed implications. The linguist William Downesâ m akes the point that the key attribute of register, regardless of how exceptional or differing, is that it is clear and quickly conspicuous. (Downes. 1998, 309) â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€- [edit]Literary stylistics In The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language, Crystal sees that, by and by, most expressive examination has endeavored to manage the complex and ‘valued’ language inside writing, I. . ‘literary stylistics’. He proceeds to state that in such assessment the extension is some of the time limited to focus on the all the more striking highlights of artistic language, for example, its ‘deviant’ and strange highlights, as opposed to the more extensive structures that are found in entire messages or talks. For instance, the smaller language of verse is bound to uncover the insider facts of its development to theâ stylisticianâ than is the language of plays and books. (Gem. 1987, 71). [edi t]Poetry Just as ordinary styles of language there are the unusual †the most evident of which isâ poetry. In Practical Stylistics, HG Widdowsonâ examines the customary type of theâ epitaph, as found on gravestones in a burial ground. For instance: His memory is beloved today As in the hour he died. (Ernest C. Draper ‘Ern’. Kicked the bucket 4. 1. 38) (Widdowson. 1992, 6) Widdowson mentions that such estimations are typically not exceptionally fascinating and recommends that they may even be excused as ‘crude verbal carvings’ and rough verbal unsettling influence (Widdowson, 3). By the by, Widdowson perceives that they are an undeniable endeavor to pass on sentiments of human misfortune and protect loving memories of a dearest companion or relative. Nonetheless, what might be viewed as idyllic in this language isn't such a great amount in the formulaicâ phraseologyâ but in where it shows up. The refrain might be given undue respect exactly as a result of the dismal circumstance where it is put. Widdowson proposes that, dissimilar to words unchangeable in a memorial park, verse is strange language that vibrates with between literary ramifications. Widdowson. 1992, 4) Two issues with a complex investigation of verse are noted by PM Wetherill in Literary Text: An Examination of Critical Methods. The first is that there might be an over-distraction with one specific element that may well limit the noteworthiness of others that are similarly significant. (Wetherill. 1974, 133) The second is that any endeavor to consider a to be as basically an assortment of complex components will in general disregard different ways whereby significance is created. (Wetherill. 1974, 133) [edit]Implicature In ‘Poetic Effects’ from Literary Pragmatics, the linguist Adrian Pilkingtonâ analyses the possibility of ‘implicature’, as induced in the past work of Dan Sperber and Deirdre Wilson. Implicature might be isolated into two classifications: ‘strong’ and ‘weak’ implicature, yet between the two boundaries there are an assortment of different other options. The most grounded implicature is what is determinedly suggested by the speaker or essayist, while more vulnerable implicatures are the more extensive prospects of implying that the listener or peruser may finish up. Pilkington’s ‘poetic effects’, as he terms the idea, are those that accomplish most importance through a wide exhibit of powerless implicatures and not those implications that are just ‘read in’ by the listener or peruser. However the distinctive moment at which feeble implicatures and the listener or reader’s guess of importance veer remains exceptionally emotional. As Pilkington says: ‘there is no obvious off point between suspicions which the speaker unquestionably underwrites and suppositions determined absolutely on the hearer’s duty. ’ (Pilkington. 991, 53) what's more, the expressive characteristics of verse can be viewed as a backup to Pilkington’s idyllic impacts in understanding a poem’s m

Mississippi Burning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Mississippi Burning - Essay Example Three social equality laborers were killed in America in the year 1964; the killed occurred in the US province of Mississippi this is the reason the film was named Mississippi consuming. The FBI unavoidably engaged in the examination and the film likewise exhibits two operators making a decent attempt to reveal reality. Alan Parker coordinated this film and it was composed by Chris Gerolmo. The film was very popular with the crowd and it proceeded to win a few honors which incorporated the best film for cinematography, best picture, best solid and a large group of different honors. Regardless of doing great the film was seriously condemned in light of the fact that as per the pundits the film neglects to introduce the verifiable records in the correct way. The executive of the film needed to come out and guard the film by saying it was no narrative, it was rather sensation. â€Å"Mississippi Burningâ is set in 1964 when three social liberties laborers are killed in a humble communi ty by individuals from the Ku Klux Klan.† (Mississippi Burning) In American culture the social liberties laborers are given next to no assurance however the film depicts the FBI specialists as genuine legends, they come to Mississippi to explore the homicide of the people in question yet in all actuality almost no has been done to secure the social liberties laborers in America. ... The film caused an uproar, a scene in the film indicated a white man beating a dark kid while he was asking; this made a great deal of issues. This was viewed as bigotry by numerous individuals and it even estranged the blacks living in America. A couple of dark men fired thrashing a white kid in the wake of examining the film because of which a colossal mayhem in America was caused. Chiefs should consistently remember that their films are more than equipped for upsetting the lawfulness in a nation on the grounds that such a significant number of individuals watch it and they decipher the scenes in their own specific manner and this may cause such a large number of unanticipated issues. Such race delicate scenes ought not be demonstrated in motion pictures to be on the more secure side. The film additionally offered ascend to loathe wrongdoing after its discharge. Above case which has been talked about in the paper turned into a significant case in the American constitution. â€Å"A exceptionally charged box of firecrackers is the most ideal approach to portray Mississippi Burning. It is 1964 and the Civil Rights Movement is destroying numerous regions in the Deep South. Mississippi is unquestionably the most smoking spot of all as the whole state is by all accounts split among whites and African Americans.† (Mississippi Burning) The three African American men who were killed in Mississippi were looking for equity, they needed the option to cast a ballot like some other American however this didn't go down excessively well with The Ku Klux Klan and the nearby police specialists. Those three men were snatched and killed savagely. Miburn was the name of mission embraced by the FBI to illuminate this secret, Miburn represented Mississippi consuming and the examination found the cadavers of those three social equality laborers and the examination likewise found the personality of the individuals who slaughtered them. â€Å"The U. S.

Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for Social Anxiety

Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for Social Anxiety In This Article Table of Contents Expand What ACT Is Principles of ACT How ACT Differs From CBT What Research Says Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) is a type of behavioral therapy used in the treatment of social anxiety disorder (SAD).  ACT  was developed in 1986 by psychology professor Steven Hayes. It is part of the third wave of behavioral therapies, following on the heels of second-wave therapies such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT). ACT was developed along with a research program known as relational frame theory. Acceptance and commitment therapy also shares many of the values of Buddhist philosophy.  The goal of ACT is the acceptance of negative thoughts instead of the elimination or reduction of them.   Although CBT is an effective form of therapy for social anxiety disorder (SAD), not everyone responds to CBT. Acceptance and commitment therapy shows promise for use with SAD and can be used in brief or long-term individual, couples or group therapy. If you are going to be receiving ACT for SAD, it is important to understand how this type of therapy is different from more traditional behavioral treatments. Knowing what to expect will make it easier for you to get the most out of acceptance and commitment therapy. What Is Acceptance and Commitment Therapy? Acceptance and commitment therapy  is different from traditional western therapy treatments in that there is no assumption that being healthy is normal. Instead, ACT theorists argue that your normal everyday thoughts and beliefs can become destructive. In addition, according to acceptance and commitment therapy, language is at the root of human suffering. This is because it is the basis for negative thoughts and emotions such as deception, prejudice, obsession, fear, and self-criticism. The Goal The goal of acceptance and commitment therapy is not to totally get rid of your social anxiety symptoms. In fact, according to ACT, trying to directly control or lessen your symptoms will actually make them worse. While receiving acceptance and commitment therapy, you will be encouraged to enjoy a meaningful life, accept that there will always be pain and suffering and that you should detach from it and take action based on your values. It is expected that your symptoms will become less as a by-product of ACT therapy. Tools Used in Therapy Your ACT therapist will use metaphors to convey messages to you during therapy. Therapy usually involves experiential exercises (in which you will take an active part), values-guided behavioral interventions (learning about what you value in life), and mindfulness skills training (becoming aware of the present moment). Principles of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy There are six core principles of acceptance and commitment therapy. Below is an explanation of these principles and how they apply to the treatment of social anxiety disorder. Cognitive Defusion Cognitive defusion involves separating yourself from unpleasant private experiences such as thoughts, feelings, images, memories, urges, and sensations. You will always have these experiences, but the goal of ACT is to reduce the influence that they have on you. While your natural reaction will be to struggle against unpleasant experiences, doing so only makes them worse. Your therapist may point out how struggling against negative thoughts is like trying to climb out of quicksand. The harder you try, the worse you make your situation. Using metaphors to explain experiences is one of the tools that your acceptance and commitment  therapist will use. In the case of SAD, your therapist may point out the emotional control strategies that you have used in the past that have actually increased your anxiety, such as avoidance, drinking alcohol or attempts at relaxation. Your therapist wants you to understand that trying to control your anxiety is part of the problem instead of the solution. There are many potential strategies that your therapist may introduce to help you achieve cognitive defusion. Below are some possibilities: If you typically have thoughts such as I have nothing to say, or Everyone thinks I am boring, your therapist will ask you to add the words I am having the thought that... to the beginning of these sentences.The new sentences I am having the thought that I have nothing to say and I am having the thought that everyone thinks I am boring give you some distance and reduces the impact of your thoughts so that you can see them as just words.Your therapist may ask you to imagine that your thoughts, feelings, and images as soldiers in a parade, passing by, but having little impact on you.Your therapist might ask you to imagine that your thoughts are words on a karaoke screen with a ball bouncing beneath them. The thought, I am a loser has less impact when accompanied by a bouncing ball. Acceptance Acceptance means allowing your unpleasant internal experiences to come and go without trying to control them.  Doing so will make them seem less threatening and will reduce their impact on your life. Your therapist will ask you to accept unwanted experiences that are out of your control rather than struggle against them.  When talking about acceptance, your therapist may use the terms clean discomfort and dirty discomfort. In the case of social anxiety disorder, clean discomfort refers to normal feelings of anxiety in social and performance situations. Dirty discomfort refers to secondary emotions such as your anxious reaction to your own anxiety. To help you with acceptance, your therapist may ask you to imagine that there is a switch in the back of your brain. When that switch is turned ON, you will struggle against unpleasant private experiences, making them worse. For example, at the first sign of social anxiety, you may become angry, sad and anxious about your anxiety. These secondary emotions set up a vicious cycle of social anxiety. Your therapist will ask you to turn the switch OFF and notice how the secondary emotions disappear. Contact With the Present Moment Mindfulness refers to living in the here and now. Your therapist will ask you to practice engaging in the present moment instead of becoming lost in your own thoughts. In the case of social anxiety, mindfulness can help you to be present in social situations and experience them to the fullest extent. The Observing Self Your therapist will ask you to notice that you can observe yourself thinking. You are in control of your thoughts; they are not dangerous or threatening. Values Your therapist will help you to identify what you stand for, what is important to you and what has meaning in your life. If you suffer from SAD, these might include values such as building relationships or being genuine with others. Committed Action Your therapist will ask you to commit yourself to action that is in line with your values, even if it causes you some distress. For example, someone with social anxiety disorder may set a goal to get together with a friend once a week and share something personal about themselves. Committed action involves settings goals based on your values and taking steps to achieve them. Many of the strategies introduced by your therapist will have the secondary effect of reducing your symptoms of social anxiety. Being fully present in social situations is a form of  exposure therapy and over time will reduce your anxiety. Taking action despite anxiety is another form of exposure therapy. How ACT Differs From CBT The strategies used by an ACT therapist differ from those used by a CBT therapist. In addition, there may be some differences in emphasis in your relationship with the therapist. A CBT therapist may be more likely to take on a teacher-like role, whereas an ACT therapist may see themselves more in the role of a guide. Your therapist might explain it to you using this metaphor: I do not have it all figured out. It is like you are on a mountain, and so am I, and I just happen to have a vantage point that I can see obstacles in your path that you cant see. All I want to do is to help make the path easier for you. Both ACT and CBT involve awareness of your thoughts. However, the goal of acceptance and commitment therapy  is the acceptance of negative thoughts while the goal of CBT is the reduction or elimination of negative thoughts. For example, while a CBT therapist will argue that negative thoughts cause your social anxiety, an ACT therapist will argue that it is your struggle against negative thoughts which creates your social anxiety. Research Support for the Use of ACT in Treating SAD Although there is a large amount of empirical data to support acceptance and commitment therapy for various disorders, research into the use of ACT for SAD is in its infancy. In a 2002 study of public speaking anxiety in college students, participants displayed improvement in social anxiety symptoms and a reduction in avoidance after receiving ACT. In a 2005 pilot study of ACT treatment with individuals diagnosed with generalized SAD, study participants showed improvement in social anxiety symptoms, social skills, and quality of life, and decreased avoidance. In a 2013 study of mindfulness and acceptance-based group therapy compared with traditional cognitive-behavioral group therapy, it was shown that mindfulness may be the most important aspect of ACT therapy in terms of changing your social anxiety disorder symptoms, whereas with CBT, changing your thought processes may be most important. Finally, another 2013 study confirmed that having a commitment to a purpose in life helped to relieve social anxiety. As this is one of the basic tenants of ACT, this lends support for this type of therapy. Overall, if you are the type of person who prefers meditative practice to examine and changing your thought processes, acceptance and commitment therapy  may be suited to you. The 9 Best Online Therapy Programs

The main purpose of a prison sentence is to reform the offender Free Essay Example, 1250 words

In a summary report released a year prior to the publication of the research study, Martinson was categorical with a direct satirical attack on the reform process of prison offenders. Though Martinson’s analysis fell short of the explicit technical phrasing of â€Å"nothing works† assumed by the would-be followers, there was no doubt whatsoever that his inference would be any different. Contrary to the exceedingly exaggerated assumptions, Martinson was careful enough to point out inadequacies of accurate assessment and therapeutic integrity of the programs studied in their research: â€Å"It may be that there is a more radical flaw in our present strategies—that education at its best, or that psychotherapy at its best, cannot overcome, or even appreciably reduce, the powerful tendency for offenders to continue in criminal behavior† (Martinson 49). To be sure, Martinson went to great lengths to distance their research from the claims of â€Å"rehabilitation is a ‘myth’ † often peddled by the seemingly fanatical criminologists and academics (4). Clearly, the firm faith that correctional programs commands from the modern policy makers and their popularity with the American public more than confirms its relevance (Applegate, Cullen, and Fisher 724). We will write a custom essay sample on The main purpose of a prison sentence is to reform the offender or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page As noted by the leading thinkers in reformatory discipline, the society had moved from the past into an era where the infliction of vindictive suffering was no longer a plausible answer (Wines 541). Zebulon Brockway, a pioneer reform advocate, had his thoughts on the same in a strongly worded statement that: â€Å"If punishment, suffering, and degradation are deemed deterrent, if they are the best means to reform the criminal and prevent crime, then let prison reform go backward to the pillory, the whipping-post, the gallows, the stake; to corporal violence and extermination! But if the dawn of Christianity has reached us, if we have learned the lesson that evil is to be overcome with good, then let prisons and prison systems be lighted by this law of love.

Persuasive Speech Factory Farming - 822 Words

Sample Persuasive Speech Outline Topic: Factory Farming Organizational Pattern: Monroe’s Motivated Sequence Specific Purpose: To persuade the audience that factory farms are dangerous and abusive and therefore need to be banned. Primary Audience Outcome: I the want the audience to join or support national organizations that protest against factory farms. Thesis Statement: The U.S. government should ban factory farms and require the meat industry to raise animals in their natural environments. Attention: Close your eyes and step into the world of an individual. You are born into a world where nights and days are never constant (attention getter). You are fed three to five times a day, but no one is there to nurture you. Not even the numerous others crammed into your living space. You grow frantic, scared, and sickly. Now open your eyes, to reality. What I have just described is one of America’s worst ghettos. You know this individual who is trapped in this environment. He is your breakfast, lunch and dinner. It is the meat you eat . Today’s farms not only abuse their animals they also produce harmful diseases and environmental hazards that affect each and every one of us, regardless of whether you consume animal products or not. The U.S. government should ban factory farms and require the meat industry to raise animals in their natural environments (preview of points and statement of purpose). I. What used to be Old McDonald’s farms have now become factory farmsShow MoreRelatedA Sustainable Agriculture Persuasive Speech1124 Words   |  5 PagesTony Villa Ms.Kim H English 9 25 April 2017 Sustainable agriculture Persuasive Speech According to The Networker â€Å"nature sinks are filling up rapidly†. â€Å"The â€Å"hypoxic zone† in the Gulf of Mexico increased to 8,200 square miles in 2002, largely due to excess nutrients from agricultural activities†. Somewhere in London there is a store named FARM:shop trying to lessen the excess nutrients harming our world and one of the founders argue that If you re growing food directly where it s eaten, thereRead MoreFood Inc When The Food Industry Keeps Their Farmers Under Their Control1553 Words   |  7 Pageskeep purchasing more on dept. As a result of loans and only $18,000 annually (Kenner) they are stuck in a hole that they can’t get out of. I find many things disturbing about this. First off, I find it disturbing that he picked a poorly educated farming area. It seems obvious that the farmers don’t know what they got into and don’t have any knownldge of how to get out. I find it an example of poor unionization within t he small farmers that are to be blamed not the ones that find out how to exploitRead MoreBook Report on George Orwells Animal Farm4597 Words   |  19 PagesOld Major dies, and for three months the animals make secret preparations to carry out the rebellion. The work of teaching and organizing goes to the pigs, the cleverest of the animals, and especially to Napoleon and Snowball. Together with the persuasive Squealer, they formulate the principles of a philosophy called Animalism, which they spread among the other animals, who start calling each other comrade. At first, many of the animals find the principles of Animalism difficult to understand,Read MoreBook Report on George Orwells Animal Farm4582 Words   |  19 PagesOld Major dies, and for three months the animals make secret preparations to carry out the rebellion. The work of teaching and organizing goes to the pigs, the cleverest of the animals, and especially to Napoleon and Snowball. Together with the persuasive Squeale r, they formulate the principles of a philosophy called Animalism, which they spread among the other animals, who start calling each other comrade. At first, many of the animals find the principles of Animalism difficult to understand,Read MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesexpansion of practices that have been going on for centuries: travel for trade and business, the colonization of agricultural lands, the movement of soldiers and sailors, and the constant ebb and flow of forced and free labor to plantations, mines, factories, and domestic service both far and near. But the explosion in quantity was also a transformation in quality. Migrations were inseparable from unprecedented urbanization and population growth, the expansion of industrial production and global marketsRead More65 Successful Harvard Business School Application Essays 2nd Edition 147256 Words   |  190 Pagescampuss top new television reporter, and as a junior and senior, I translated that passion for human connection into a stint as Berrys top newspaper opinion columnist and a widely read campus poet. I was the lead in a one...act play and led my college speech team to its highest ever national finish. I learned business, finance, and organi... zationalleadership by founding a community soup kitchen andlead... ing the campus investment group to unprecedented stock market returns; and in everything, I soughtRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagesof management as reflected through the lens of modernist organization theory Introduction Conceptualizing management The historical origins and development of management 382 382 384 385 . xii Contents Technological change and the factory system The impact of scientific management The managerial revolution and the origins of managerialism Redefining managerialism Leadership and managerialism Diffusion between institutions: the case of the UK public sector New public management DiffusionRead MoreMarketing Mistakes and Successes175322 Words   |  702 Pagesa book that can help transform dry and rather remote concepts into practical reality, and lead to lively class discussions, and even debates. In the gentle environment of the classroom, students can hone their analytical skills and also their persuasive skills—not selling products but selling their ideas—and defend them against critical scrutiny. This is great practice for the arena of business to come. NEW TO THIS EDITION In contrast to the early editions, which examined only notable mistakesRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagesnotorious of all, of course, was the prediction by the United States patent office in 1896 that it would soon close its doors since â€Å"everything that can be invented has been invented.† Warren Bennis, a colleague of ours, half-jokingly predicted that the factory of the future would have only two employees, a person and a dog. The person would be there to feed the dog. The dog would be there to keep the person from touching the equipment! Tom Peters counseled managers that, due to the chaotic pace of changeRead MoreBrand Building Blocks96400 Words   |  386 Pagessuccessful. If you picture a successful person, it takes you off in a different direction -- that of an action-oriented, perhaps even aggressive type. Finally, try not to come up with a whole laundry list of adjectives. Bring those powerful parts of speech down to two or thre e words that really convey the essence. Now, when you sit down to write a personality description, you need not subject yourself to a blank sheet of paper. Because there are three factors that can give you a substantial head

Urdu As A Modern Language In The Uk Education Essay Free Essays

Abstraction The survey was designed to look into the hereafter of Urdu in the UK. British born Asians were the population of the survey. The survey was a study type which was delimited to the schools of Lancashire, Midlands and West Midlands and one school from each was the sample of the survey. We will write a custom essay sample on Urdu As A Modern Language In The Uk Education Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Questionnaire was used as a research tool and 40 five questionnaires were distributed to roll up informations from which 40 responses could be possible. Parameters of involvement were, ages, background ( Natural ) , mother lingua, gender, topographic points of survey, instruction degrees and usage of Urdu. After analysis of informations, it was found that hereafter of Urdu in the UK is bright and it enjoys still most normally used community linguistic communication among Asians. Finally, countries of consideration are suggested that will let us to heighten the survey of Urdu and besides do it an instrument of societal development ( wellness, societal attention etc ) . Research inquiry and context: â€Å" Urdu is a living linguistic communication and has a bright hereafter in the UK † . During the writer ‘s PGCE arrangement at School, the caput instructor said and by and large believed that Urdu is losing its entreaty to British born Asiatic scholars as ; parents prefer to learn a linguistic communication other than Urdu to their Children. The writer besides realized and observed that students have had less motivation towards Urdu as compared to other linguistic communications. So, in the visible radiation of the writer ‘s observations and the caput instructor ‘s positions the writer conducted a study to acquire a better image about the hereafter of Urdu in the UK. There may be a batch of grounds behind this deficiency of motive but the writer focused on following inquiries: Why is Urdu less appealing to British scholars? What are the beginnings of larning Urdu in the UK? What are the involvements of British Asians for larning Urdu? How do British Asiatics use Urdu linguistic communication in their day-to-day life? Which composing book of Urdu is preferred by British Asians in the UK? How is it possible to advance and continue Urdu through electronic and print media? Does Urdu necessitate a modern teaching method to get by with modern demands? Literature Review Language seems to hold many utilizations like, a agency of communicating, an instrument of conveying cognition and an look of cultural and originative impulses of a community. â€Å" A linguistic communication is the emblem of its talkers. Each linguistic communication determines a alone manner of sing the universe. It encapsulates the Torahs and traditions and beliefs of its cultural group. † ( R.M.W.Dixen.1997:135 ) . So is the instance with the linguistic communication of Urdu as, harmonizing to George Weber ‘s article Top Languages: â€Å" The World ‘s 10 Most Influential Languages in Language Today, Hindi/Urdu is the 4th most spoken linguistic communication in the universe, with 4.7 per centum of the universe ‘s population, after Mandarin, English, and Spanish † . Urdu is a South Asiatic linguistic communication spoken in Pakistan as a national linguistic communication ( Qaumi Zabaan ) . Urdu is besides one of the officially recognized linguistic communications in India and has official linguistic communication position in the Indian provinces of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh and the national capital, New Delhi. In Indian administered Kashmir, Urdu is the primary official linguistic communication. It is the lone province in India where Urdu has been given such a position. Harmonizing to Mehrab on line study on International Urdu Conference â€Å" Urdu has no boundary and has its roots all over the universe † . BBC Urdu website provinces: â€Å" Urdu is closely related to Hindi. Urdu is spoken as a first linguistic communication by over 60 million people ( including 10 million in Pakistan and 48 million in India ) † . Masica ( 1991: 22 ) describes â€Å" Urdu as holding no specific territorial base, in the sense that there is no vicinity or set of vicinities in the Indian sub-continent that can be pointed out at as an Urdu-speaking country. † However, Urdu is demographically important in another manner as good. It is widely used as a 2nd linguistic communication throughout the Muslim communities of South Asia. As Schmidt ( 1999:16 ) says, â€Å" Urdu is besides spoken in Bangladesh, Afghanistan and Nepal, and has become the cultural linguistic communication and lingua franca of the South Asiatic Muslim diasporas outside the subcontinent † . Urdu in Britain The relationship between Urdu and Britain is non new ; it started around three and a half hundred old ages ago when the British entered into the sub-continent as a bargainer and established the East India Company. British studied in deepness the civilization, lingual, societal and economic background of the sub-continent and they realised that to obtain full political power they needed to larn the linguistic communication of the land. To carry through this intent they established Fort William College in Calcutta. It was founded on July 10, 1800. Harmonizing to Wikipedia â€Å" Fort William College was an academy and acquisition Centre for Oriental surveies established by Lord Wellesley, so Governor-General of British India † . Gilchrist was named caput of the college and he produced a batch of literature in Urdu. Queen Victoria hired an Indian Muslim to learn her Urdu and his portrayal can still be seen in the Royal Palace. Manama Afkaar Printed â€Å" Urdu in Britain † particular figure and on the rubric page there is a image of Queen Victoria with Munshi Abdul Karim ( the Queen ‘s Urdu Tutor ) . ( appendix1 ) John Joshua Keterlaer, the Dutch embassador to India, wrote Urdu ‘s first grammar circa 1715. Written in Latin, it was named ‘Grammatical Indostanica ‘ , as Indostan, Indostani, and Hindustani are among the different names Urdu has had through centuries. In 1741, Benjamin Schultz, a German missionary, wrote ‘Grammatica Indostanica ‘ in Latin. The first-ever grammar of Urdu in English was written by a MrGliston. John Gilchrist had besides written a grammar book of Urdu himself but it was a British military officer named Hadley who was credited with authorship and printing the first-ever grammar of Urdu in English. There were two national Urdu conferences held in the UK. The first was held at the SOAS on Saturday, 8th December, 1979. The 2nd Urdu national conference was called by the Urdu Majlis ( UK ) , the Centre for Multicultural Education and it ‘s took topographic point on April 24th-25th, 1981 in London. Both conferences were a immense success towards the function of Urdu instruction in the UK. Professor Ralph Russell was a British bookman of Urdu literature and his scholarly research earned him a unique and enduring topographic point among great names of Urdu literature. He did enormous work to advance and do Urdu popular in the UK. Harmonizing to Community linguistic communications in higher instruction study 2008 Urdu is top of the chart and it is most widely spoken community linguistic communication in the UK. See chart below: Beginning: Community languages in higher instruction study 2008, p11. Urdu is a linguistic communication spoken either as a first or 2nd linguistic communication by a subdivision of British Asiatic people, peculiarly those of Pakistani heritage. It is widely spoken in the UK by immigrants and their posterities. As stated by the BBC Urdu web site â€Å" The Urdu community in the UK Numberss about one million talkers. † The Urdu community in the UK is really much larger than the Hindi community. Most of those who identify themselves as Urdu talkers use a assortment of Punjabi as the linguistic communication of the place, and speak Urdu as a 2nd linguistic communication for spiritual and cultural grounds. The overpowering bulk comes from the West Punjab and the Mirpur territory of Azad Kashmir, but smaller groups of Gujarati Muslims from both India and East Africa besides use Urdu for spiritual intents as mentioned on the BBC web site. David Mathews mentioned in his address at the five-day International Urdu Conference held in Islamabad. â€Å" Urdu is recognized as the 4th international linguistic communication in the UK † . The version spoken in Britain is to a great extent laced with Punjabi and Mirpuri ( which is apparent in my study ) words and footings. The ground for this is that the bulk of UK occupants who are of Pakistani descent originally came from the Mirpur territory in northern Pakistan which is besides following to the Punjab. The Pakistani community is the 2nd largest of the three South Asiatic communities in Britain, with a population estimation of 899,000. Over 92 per cent of Pakistanis in Britain identify themselves as Muslim. Whilst a big proportion of the community is concentrated in London, it is more equally dispersed across the state than most other Muslim populations, with major colonies in the Midlands, Yorkshire and the North West. Harmonizing to CILT study 1995 Urdu is the most widely used community linguistic communication in England and 69 local instruction governments are offering Urdu instruction. Methodology Methodology is a image of procedure which can be explained as suggested by ( Cohen et Al, 2003:44 ) , â€Å" the scope of attacks used in educational research to garner informations which are to be used as a footing for intervention and reading, for account and anticipation † For the intent of my research I have preferred to utilize a study as it can be â€Å" used to scan a broad field of issues, populations, programmes etc. In order to mensurate or depict any generalized characteristics † ( Cohen, 2007:206 ) . Harmonizing to Sapsford ( 1999 ) , readying of study involves four different phases ; of job definition, sample choice, design for measurings and concerns for participants, therefore I took into the history to provide all the four phases. The first phase of research involved the pilot study as it is â€Å" a preliminary piece of research conducted before a complete study to prove the effectivity of the research methodological analysis † . It was decided after the suggestions made by the Curriculum and Professional Mentor to transport out the Pilot survey which was accomplished in December 2009. A study was prepared to determine the chosen informations aggregation method and to derive some preliminary findings. I chose closed complete inquiries for my study as Fink ( 1995 ) urges that â€Å" they are easy to standardize, and informations gathered from closed terminal inquiries lend themselves to statistical analysis † . For this intent I produced a questionnaire utilizing the likert-scale, multiple pick and ordinal side of closed terminal inquiries which required attending towards trying every bit good as to guarantee that the information on which the sample is based is comprehensive. The research inquiries for this survey asked how people used Urdu in their day-to-day lives. After the suggestions to the pilot study, the development of the full study questionnaire was done together with the suggestions made by Stephen Toll ( Email, Appendix2 ) and Professor Itesh Sachdev ( Email, Appendix3 ) to formalize the pilot study questionnaire. In decision, the research will supply me every bit good as the readers with a clearer image of the Urdu ‘s Future as a Modern Language in the UK and will raise motive towards Urdu survey. The observations were made to verify the consequence of the research and proposals were made to increase the motive and popularity among Urdu scholars in the UK. The studies were completed towards the terminal of the winter term 2010. A sum of 45 questionnaires were sent out to three different schools, one in Lancashire, one in the Midlands and one in West Midlands. Of the 45 studies sent out merely 40 responses were received ( 89 % response ) of which 8 were over 16 ( 20 % ) and 32 ( 80 % ) were under 16. Findingss and Analysis Figure ( Gender ) In footings of gender it is clear the sample is non declarative representative of population. Since merely 10 % of that population surveyed were adult females. It is apparent that the study needs to be modified and expanded since it is non conformist, i.e. merely 10 % of the surveyed of were female. From formal experiences it is apparent that a big population of females tend to show involvement in linguistic communications than males. So to acquire a more feasible image of the hereafter the study should hold been conducted in two stages: Females Males It is hence suggested that the present findings will be biased since 90 % of the group were males, who do non be given to demo involvement in linguistic communications study. Figure ( Location ) It is besides apparent that a disproportional sum of those surveyed were larning Urdu linguistic communication in a private constitution for illustration at a mosque. From these consequences it is clear that due to big figure of males surveyed the consequences are biased. From my ain experiences I find that more misss tended to analyze Urdu at school than male childs. Therefore, it is clear that of the study was extended a clear image of the figure of male pupils would be obtained. In footings of degree of Urdu being studied 98 % of these persons studied to GCSE degree with merely 2 % traveling farther to analyze A/S degree. Figure ( demoing Education Level ) Another factor which needs to be born in head is the age groups surveyed, since the present research took into history merely those analyzing GCSE ‘s ( i.e. – 16 ) . This needs to be extended to include a big figure of stations 16 ‘s. Since this is the group which will take to do greater usage of the Urdu makings. Figure ( demoing Mother lingua ) Use of Urdu linguistic communication in Daily lives Importance on a graduated table of 1- 5 with 1 is the most and 5 is the least. 1 2 3 4 Using it with members of household 15 % 20 % 30 % 5 % Using it in the community. 0 % 5 % 40 % 15 % Using it for travel. Visiting Pakistan and India. 50 % 7 % 3 % 20 % Using it for friendly relationship and societal networking. 23 % 13 % 0 % 14 % Reading newspapers, magazines and books in Urdu. 10 % 10 % 20 % 20 % Cinema, Television, cyberspace and Radio 15 % 10 % 10 % 15 % Figure for non Urdu talkers analyzing Urdu shows a broad scope of nationalties analyzing Urdu linguistic communication. These ranged from linguistic communications of the Indian sub-continent, Africa and Europe.These consequences are really interesting in that they show that the figure of pupils analyzing Urdu came from a assortment of backgrounds, in footings of their female parent tongue.It can be inferred that Urdu has same involvement in a assortment of nationalties and this can be extended further with exposure of the linguistic communication to other backgrounds. Consequences for How do you utilize Urdu linguistic communication in your day-to-day lives? The study asked to depict the usage of Urdu linguistic communication in their day-to-day lives and rank these statements in order of importance on a graduated table of 1- 5. The most interesting and stating set of informations are obtained from the ‘Use of Urdu ‘ ( Table 1 ) . From initial review of the information it seems that 50 % of the group surveyed do non give much acceptance to the usage of Urdu. However closer penetration shows some interesting tendencies, these are outlined below: 65 % of the group uses Urdu in the place, likely due to the fact that the parents and grandparents find it easier to discourse in Urdu instead than English. Besides the cultural facets of the communications are easy communicated in Urdu than English. From the usage of Urdu in the community it seems that most of the group members seem to give most importance to Urdu in the community. This may be due to the colored nature of the study, i.e. 98 % males. From a cultural point of position the male ‘s function in that of staff of life victor so if he is working all twenty-four hours there is small demand for him to utilize the linguistic communication to pass on in a manner as to acquire things done. I believe a more thorough study will demo that when female positions are taken into history this standard will demo different consequences. Traveling tendency will demo the highest usage of Urdu, and so this is the instance. Even here I believe the extension of the study to include more females will ensue in an even higher figure who use Urdu when traveling. Social networking has a important figure of surveyed groups who use Urdu for pass oning, but it should be born in head that the Urdu used is written in Roman book for on-line communicating! It is with some unhappiness that we note that usage of Urdu seems to be on the diminution in media and amusement. Therefore from an initial expression at the consequences it would look that Urdu is diminution in the UK, but one needs to convey in other factors and deficits in the study to to the full understand the province of personal businesss. Figure 5 ( analyzing Urdu as a topic at degree degree ) Of the 40 studies completed questionnaires answered 12 % responded positively to this inquiry whilst 35 % stated that they did non see to analyze Urdu at degree degree and 53 % were diffident to analyze Urdu at degree degree. Figure shows that 35 % of respondents want to analyze Urdu as a individual topic whilst 65 % expressed that they want to analyze Urdu combined with other topics. Survey of the possibility of analyzing Urdu at higher degrees shows that a really big Numberss would wish to analyze Urdu at higher degrees, in some signifier. I believe Urdu as its ain would be selected by really few persons, but when given a pick of holding under as a combined faculty a big figure showed involvement. This ties in with how Urdu can be made more available to the whole community in different country: wellness, instruction, societal services etc. Which Urdu authorship book is easy to read and understand? Figure 6 ( Which Urdu composing book is easy to read and understand: Traditional/Roman. ) An overpowering bulk found Urdu written in Roman book to be easy read and grok, whereas merely 65 % thought that traditional Urdu book was easy to read and understand. Discussion The present research has highlighted of import issues sing the hereafter of Urdu as a ML and the hereafter of Urdu in the community. On first glimpse it appears that Urdu is losing its grass root importance. This can be understood if one takes into history the continued changing of the population of the Urdu speech production groups. Obviously the first coevals group which give much importance to the Urdu Language since it is the linguistic communication of their family and it is a linguistic communication in which they have had their formal instruction or have grown up being surrounded by the usage of the linguistic communication ( i.e. their formative old ages ) . The 2nd coevals immigrants held on to the usage of Urdu in the place due to strong ties with their relation in the native states. As the immigrant population became educated their usage of Urdu at place and within the networking socialization circles decreased. This sidelining of Urdu has led to many British immigrants of â€Å" Urdu descent † non being able to talk Urdu fluently ; even within the place. However, initial basis suggests that Urdu still seems to be spoken widely among the male group for grounds of civilization and their functions. Thus Urdu is still being studied in schools but the bulk of the pupils analyzing Urdu are males or pupils in spiritual based schools of Indo-Pakistani beginnings. From my treatments in schools and the community it is evident that Urdu is once more gaining popularity perchance due to the fact that there are important alterations happening in the provinces of the immigrant population from India/Pakistan. First, there are a big figure of people making old age ( 60+ ) who have to set to a non-nuclear household. There has been a big addition in old people ‘s places lodging Urdu speech production immigrants. By necessity they have to set from populating off from their households which has reverberations for their callings. The aged prefer to pass on in their native linguas, so the wellness callings need to be able to understand and pass on consequently. This evidently means that these professionals who can understand and utilize Urdu can look after this population more efficaciously. This evidently means that the importance of Urdu can be enhanced by aiming persons who work in these countries. Restrictions of the present work of this papers ma ke non let an in depth treatment of all points, but the writer suggests the undermentioned points to heighten Urdu and procure its hereafter: Highlight the profusion of Urdu literature. A planetary market of present times can let enterprisers to utilize the assorted chances to spread out concern into countries where Urdu is still widely used. NHS will necessitate to provide for a turning population who will necessitate to utilize Urdu to pass on with a group which is now turning and demands health care. Social public assistance groups need to be ready for the clip when big figure of Urdu talking population will necessitate aided lodging and attention. The importance of higher instruction classs that offer survey of Urdu alongside the major topics. E.g. Medicine with Urdu, Pharmacy with Urdu, Dentistry with Urdu, Nursing with Urdu, Healthcare with Urdu etc. Evaluation and Implications for Practice This subdivision deals with the significance of chief findings of this survey for the writer every bit good as for others and, how the findings relate to the literature cited in the subdivision of ‘Literature Review ‘ . Actually the chief focal point of this survey was to look into the hereafter of Urdu as a Modern Language in the UK. The use of Urdu by British Borns Asians in their everyday affairs of day-to-day life was besides investigated and there was some focal point on to happen out their penchants of larning Urdu. The chief findings present a clear image of the hereafter of Urdu non merely for the writer but besides for future research workers carry oning some survey in this country. Harmonizing to this survey, the hereafter of Urdu in this state is really bright and use of Urdu may be enhanced with some schemes suggested in the subdivision of ‘Recommendations ‘ as, informations show considerable thirst for larning Urdu whether it might be as a individ ual topic or as a combined topic. In add-on to it, a big figure of participants desired to larn Urdu at higher degrees besides. The point of position may be supported by the mention quoted earlier in the subdivision of Literature Review which describes CILT study 1995. Harmonizing to the study, Urdu is the most widely used community linguistic communication in England and 69 local instruction governments are offering Urdu instruction. So, Urdu still seems to be an of import linguistic communication in this state. Significant first coevals Urdu talkers are still alive and are working, still necessitating wellness and societal attention advice. They will stop up in old people ‘s places due to alterations happening in the atomic household in the UK. Where you need childs to look after them in footings of nurses and callings ( people around them ) and those childs must be equipped with Urdu linguistic communication to make a comfy ambiance. Therefore, it may besides be easy conclu ded acording to Community linguistic communications in higher instruction study 2008, â€Å" Urdu is top of the chart and it is most widely spoken community linguistic communication in the UK † . Beginning: Community languages in higher instruction study 2008, p11. In add-on to it there is found a positive attitude of childs towards Urdu acquisition and use. The writer ‘s ego created figure below shows the attitudes towards larning the Urdu linguistic communication in the UK. There are three interior thrusts which motivate the British scholars to analyze Urdu. Interest in the Urdu is due to its rich history and literature. Interest leads towards ability and ability brings good calling chances. Inner Drivers towards analyzing Urdu Interest Ability Career There will be some external influences besides which may play a critical function towards Urdu acquisition. Parents are the first point of contact or communicating and if they speak the linguistic communication at place, scholars will automatically pick up the linguistic communication. Parents besides can raise and heighten motive towards Urdu survey. Teachers besides influence the scholars and media besides plays an of import function to larn and do any linguistic communication popular. The writer ‘s above mentioned point of position is described in the ego created figure below: Still there seems some demand to heighten the involvement of immature coevals towards Urdu acquisition. If immature coevals appears non to pay any serious attending to the Urdu linguistic communication, it is due to miss of involvement and chances they do non cognize, Urdu has a wealth of literature and has produced great bookmans. External Influences towards Urdu Survey Family Teachers Media Urdu has fantastic poesy, Novel, Fiction and Prose. So, the procedure of larning Urdu may take topographic point in educational establishments. Here is the writer ‘s ego created figure which shows the function of school, instructor and schoolroom in the acquisition of Urdu linguistic communication. School School Leadership Interest in Languages Relationship with community Motivational Environment Teachers Teacher Academic Skills Teaching Methodology Teacher Experience Professional Development Classrooms Course Content Teaching method Technology Class Size Resources Student Learning of Urdu Language In the visible radiation of above mentioned rating and deduction for patterns, there is a demand to do Urdu the linguistic communication of employment and professionalism. There is besides a demand to present higher instruction classs in Urdu combined with Historical Studies, Language and Linguistics, Film Studies, Philosophy and Religious Studies, Literary Studies and Drama and Sciences and Psychology, every bit good as medical professions and wellness and societal attention. In the visible radiation of above mentioned worlds, the survey may be declared really successful holding a considerable value for the writer every bit good as for others interested in the country to pull some decisions about the hereafter of Urdu in the UK. The worth may be due to some grounds in which the major ground describes a singular figure of childs holding Urdu as their female parent lingua and their motive towards Urdu larning even at their degree degree. The survey is precisely harmonizing to the outl ooks of the writer and frights of the caput instructor and the writer about the worsening state of affairs of Urdu proved non to be true. However there is need to supply chances to immature coevals to larn Urdu. The writer was much focused during survey as the study was of personal involvement of the writer and so, concentration and focal point remained mark oriented holding no asides. This survey seems projecting really important influences on the writer as, now the writer is much determined to use such techniques while learning in schoolroom which may be more and more helpful to make involvement for pupils in Urdu acquisition. Equipped with the overpowering tendencies for Urdu acquisition, the writer may make and heighten gustatory sensation for Urdu larning better than earlier in schoolroom and therefore may lend to do Urdu a life linguistic communication in the UK. Decision The hereafter of Urdu is rather bright in the UK and it ‘s proved by my study. Majority of peoples took portion in the study considered Urdu as an of import linguistic communication. They think it ‘s of import for communicating with parents, for interaction with community and for being able to talk Urdu during going figure of states where you can travel to is rather big. The importance of Urdu can be farther enhanced by developing classs which incorporate the Urdu linguistic communication. The female parent lingua plays a really of import function in determining the hereafter of a kid. Determining the hereafter of the Urdu linguistic communication is in the custodies of the parents. If they realize this most of import responsibility and seed the seeds of the female parent lingua in the childhood old ages, the hereafter of the Urdu linguistic communication takes a promising form. The responsibility for continuing Urdu in UK falls onto the shoulders of parents, community, and bing pedagogues. As Gopi Chand Narang justly said in his address during International Urdu conference 2005, held in Islamabad ( Pakistan ) â€Å" Urdu is a functional linguistic communication and functional linguistic communications do non decease. Urdu yesteryear was glorious, its present is safe and its hereafter assured. Urdu is unstoppable exactly because this is the linguistic communication that quenches society ‘s cultural thirst. † Recommendations On the footing of this survey and study, I would urge the followers: The demand to develop an institute of Urdu research in UK. ( For employment and CPD ) . To heighten and foreground Urdu learning programmes for British Asiatic scholars through native British Urdu examples through wireless or cyberspace. The usage of non-commercial broadcast medium targeted to all and will heighten motive among Urdu scholars. Bilingualism is going progressively of import for economic invention and growing. Urdu concern classs should be introduced in schools and colleges. Train Urdu Language Teachers utilizing the cyberspace and ICT. E-Learning instructor preparation Courses should be launched in the UK. To salvage the hereafter of Urdu in the epoch of Computer engineering, there is a demand to run and present specially designed programmes to provide mundane life in Urdu and to do Urdu a linguistic communication of the cyberspace. To associate Urdu to the up-to-date research and use of Urdu to the modern information and communicating engineerings in instruction and concerns. To present Degree, Master, M.Phil and Ph.D makings in Urdu with other topics. To heighten Urdu popularity Urdu books should be readily available in Roman Urdu and Traditional Urdu composing books. How to cite Urdu As A Modern Language In The Uk Education Essay, Essay examples

Sophocles Plays Essays - Mythological Kings, Operas, Oedipus

Sophocles' Plays The classical Greek writers have given the world major literary themes. One such theme is "Fate". According to Webster's New World Dictionary of the American Language the word fate is defined as "the principal or determining cause or will by which things in general are believed to come to be as they are or events to happen as they do: destiny"(529). The Theme "Fate" is applicable to Oedipus and his lineage, in Sophecles's three Theban plays: Antigone, Oedipus Rex, Oedipus at Colonus. "Fate" plays a cruel role in the lives of everyone related to Oedipus. Not only was Oedipus's life condemned from the beginning, but the lives of his four children were also ill fated. The entire bloodline, beginning with Oedipus, met a tragic end or led a tragic life through no fault of their own. Thomas Gould explains, "sometimes it is suggested that Oedipus would not have avoided his misery by having been a better man, but he could have remained prosperous and happy if he had been a less good man" (Gould 51). If not for "Fate", the lives of Oedipus and his entire family could have been much better off. The whole debacle started with the birth of Oedipus. Oedipus was the only child of Laius and Jocasta, king and queen of Thebes. They took Oedipus to the oracle at Delphi to have his prophecy read. The oracle prophesized that Oedipus would kill his father and marry his mother, "... Why, Loxias declared that I should one day marry my own mother, And with my own hands shed my father's blood. Wherefore Corinth I have kept away far, for long years; and prospered; none the less it is most sweet to see one's parents' face..."(ll. 556-559, 187). In order to prevent this from happening, Laius and Jocasta pierced Oedipus's foot and ordered a shepherd to abandon him on a mountainside. The shepherd pitied the child and gave him to a herdsman from Corinth. The herdsman then gave the child to Polybus and Merope, the childless king and queen of Corinth. They adopted him and raised him as their own. Oedipus grew up thinking he was the prince of Corinth. He heard rumors that he was not the natural son of Polybus and Merope, and he went to consult the oracle of Delphi to find the truth. The oracle repeated the same prophecy that was told to Laius and Jocasta. Thinking that Polybus and Merope were his parents, "Oedipus moves away when he is told his fate" (Jones 41). "Fate" then stepped in and Oedipus met an old man accompanied by several servants at a crossroads. The old man was Laius, on his way to Delphi. Since both men were proud, they refused to step aside so the other could pass. Oedipus lost his temper and in a rage he killed them all, except for one servant who escaped, ... I found myself upon the self-same spot where, you say, the king perished ... When in my travels I was come near this place where three roads meet, there met me a herald, and a man that rode in a colt-carriage ... And the old man himself, would thrust me, I, being enraged, strike him who jostled me-- The driver-- and the old man ... He paid though! duly I am not; but in brief, smitten by the staff in this right hand of mine ... out of the carriage straight he rolls down headlong; and I slay them all...(ll. 1104- 1112, 217). When Oedipus kills his father, Laius, "it is not out of hatred of his parents" (Vernant 110). Oedipus has no idea who the "stranger" is. All Oedipus realizes is that he has his life in danger. Fate is what has Oedipus murder his father. Not realizing that he had fulfilled half of his terrible prophecy, Oedipus continued on his way to Thebes. When he arrived at Thebes there was a widespread plague in the city. In order to free the city of this plague one had to solve the riddle that came with it, the riddle of the Sphinx. Oedipus was clever enough to solve the riddle, which in turn cured the city of the plague. After answering the Sphinx's riddle and ridding Thebes of the monster, Oedipus was considered a hero. When the people learned of Laius' death, believed to be the fault of bandits, they made Oedipus their new king. In the imperial palace there was Jocasta, a recent widow of the missing King Laius. As

The eNotes Blog Step Into Our EssayLab

Step Into Our EssayLab Looking for help on your latest essay or term paper? Essay Lab is designed to cater to your every writing need. Search our list of tips to tackle the most common essay hurdles, or ask a question of our educators to receive specific help with your prompt, outline, or latest draft. Its all explained in depth below! For many of you, midterms are approaching, which means so are the essays and term papers. If you struggle with writing it can be hard to get the specific help you need, especially from the comfort of your own home. Tutors are expensive, and teachers are often too busy to offer the one-on-one help you need when writing or proofing essay drafts.  But at weve got you covered. With our new and improved  Essay Lab  you can browse the most important writing tips for free, plus ask questions tailored to your very own essay using our  Homework Help  service. Let us walk you through this area of and show how it can help you to study smarter: First, find the Essay Lab section at  this link, or by searching   Study Guides  via the navigation bar at the top of every page. On the Essay Lab home page, youll see a list of our most popular essay writing topics. Each section is further broken down into step-by-step tips under the topics of How to Write an Introduction, How to Write a Compare-Contrast Essay, How to Write an SAT Essay and many more. You can use these tips to self-correct the way you go about writing each kind of essay. For assistance catered to your essay alone, head to the Essay Labs  Homework Help  area to talk with staff of expert educators. educators are teachers and professors themselves; who could be better to provide feedback on your first draft, or assistance with forming a thesis statement or essay outline? Just take a look at some of our recommended questions and answers  here  to see for yourself. You can browse hundreds of answered questions for free any time, or post your own question and decide how much to pay for an expert answer. Many students post a first draft of their essay in a question to receive detailed proofreading and constructive criticism. Having that second pair of eyes- especially an expert set of eyes- on your paper can be a vital step to receiving the grade you want. Were making magic in the Essay Lab. Ready to step inside? Check it out at this link today.

Letting Your Challenges Define Youâ€Finding Your Niche

Letting Your Challenges Define You- Finding Your Niche I had every reason not to write. With all three of my kids having major disabilities, my life was about plate-spinning and hoping that my plates would not all come crashing onto the floor- at least, not all at once. I felt sorry for myself- for leaving teaching to play caregiver, and for quitting on the writing I loved. But, helping my kids was my callingand yet, also a challenge that stopped my career and defined who I was. Caregiver. Not writer. Sure, I wrote some lessons for their teachers. I had my teaching credential and a masters in educational curriculum development. Why not? But, mostly, I just volunteered. My kids are now 20-something; only my son has launched. Both of my girls still need help with crisis-management and life skills. It seemed like my life was all about helping kids navigate theirs. There was no room for a writing career. Until the day, twelve years ago, my sons teacher asked me for help. Federal law mandates schools teach transition skills to students with special needs. Students need to learn how to adultfrom cooking and cleaning, to finding and keeping a job. What she found was either too-print-rich or too ba It felt good. Here was a project I could do while my kids were asleep. It was creative and needed. Â  It was almost like Id been training my whole life to write this work. It took off. First, I sold hard copies to local teachers. Word spread. Soon, teachers wanted new topics for different populations- kids who needed basic life skills, kids on the autism spectrum, kids who were in workability programs- and Daily Living Skills emerged. As sales grew, I submitted to educational publishers. They rejected me because my niche market was too small. I continued to self-publish. I joined Teachers Pay Teachers (TpT). They sell digital lessons During this time, Hope wrote about a call for submissions from Chicken Soup for the Soul in Funds for Writers. I wrote about the miracles of life with special needs kids. Im now a regular author for them. Â  I soon added a bi-weekly column about parenting special needs teens on HealthyPlace.com. I began speaking at conferences and developed a following. A new family crisis inspired me to write a novel about a bipolar teen finding the hero within herself. The Edge of Brilliance was my first YA novel, published Ironically, I now write every chance I get. I speak at conferences and post on blogs, my articles appear in magazines all over the country and books on a regular basis, Ive published one novel and am working on another, and Im considered an expert in my field. I do this while still staying home as a caregiver for my daughters and helping them navigate the last steps of transition. And yet, I am a writerbecause I let my challenges define my niche. Links: www.susantraugh.com www.teacherspayteachers.com/Store/Susan-Traugh www.teacherspayteachers.com https://www.healthyplace.com/blogs/author/straugh https://www.facebook.com/transition2life.dailylivingskills/ susan.traugh@gmail.com

Sport event reporting Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Sport event reporting - Assignment Example und 177 countries all over the world with 3,000 coaches and 7,000 athletes are going to participate in this particular sports event (SWGLA 2015, 2015a) and that a total of 491 member delegation will represent the United States (Verrett, 2014). Next to the 1984 Olympic Games, the Special Olympics World Summer Games 2015 is considered as one of the biggest sports events in history (SWGLA 2015, 2015b). In preparation for the said sports competition, approximately more than 4.4 million sports athletes have already gone through tough trainings (Verrett, 2014). Recently, it was also reported that more than 500,000 people would attend as fans, spectators, and news reporters from ESPN and LA2015 (SWGLA 2015, 2015a, 2015b). Considering the volume of people who would attend the game, more than 30,000 people have already registered as volunteers to facilitate the event (SWGLA 2015, 2015a). Anticipated by millions of people worldwide, the Special Olympics World Summer Games 2015 will feature a maximum of 25 different Olympic sports including aquatics, athletics, badminton, basketball, beach volleyball, bocce, bowling, cycling, equestrian, football, golf, gymnastics, half marathon, handball, Judo, kayaking, open water swimming, power lifting, roller skating, sailing, softball, table tennis, tennis, triathlon, and volleyball (SWGLA 2015, 2015c). Basically, the games are open and free to all interested parties who wish to attend (SWGLA 2015, 2015d). The official venues for the games are mostly concentrated in Griffith Park, Long Beach, and UCLA whereas some minor events will take place somewhere in Encino, USC, and Downtown (SWGLA 2015, 2015e). For instance, certain games will be held at the Convention Center and Lucky Strike LA Like in Downtown area whereas other games would be held in the Balboa Sports Center in Encino, Los Angeles Equestrian Center in Griffith Park, Alamitos Beach, Belmont Pier, and the Marine Stadium in Long Beach, Drake Stadium, Easton Stadium, Intramural

Quality Management Plan for BookTek Media Inc Essay

Quality Management Plan for BookTek Media Inc - Essay Example 5). BookTek Media Inc can use the profile of its customers to come with an online system that conforms to the needs of the customers. This means the system should allow for key word searches in multiple word combinations. This will go a long way in taking care for unexpected key word searches that the customer may use while looking for a book. Apart from being active on a 24-hour basis, the company should ensure that the system is most accessible during the period when the customers are most active (Ludwig-Becker, 2008, p.10). Since BookTek has been having an almost perfect interaction with its customers, the online system must ensure this level of interaction is maintained. Thus, the ordering system will have an option where the customer can leave a message and that message will be responded to within a specified period depending on the agency of the message. BookTek should also consider using effective and informed purchasing decision-making through subject-specific acquisition pro files, digitized preview information and list of recommendations tailored to the requirements of the customer (Phillips, 2011, p. 11). The ordering system should allow the customers to have a look at the content pages of the material that they want to order. BookTek will also require an ordering system that seamlessly integrates and displays updated bibliographic metadata in real-time mode directly on the company’s website. Quality management in an online environment can be challenging especially where the company offering the services does not know the kind of customers that are going to require its products. The ordering system that BookTek is going to implement should thus allow for a multilingual catalogue search in specialist titles that must be finely differentiated using the sub-categories in subjects (Fox, 2009, p. 5). Therefore, to ensure quality of service delivery, the system that BookTek Media is going to implement must provide filters that distinguish the type of work available, media type, language, and the subject category. The ordering system for BookTek will need to provide mechanisms through which the company can communicate with the customer and vice versa (Scott, 2010, p. 24). Thus, BookTek Media must employ alerting services such as RSS feeds. Consequently, BookTek Media will use the customer feedback information as a yardstick in evaluating the success of its products to the customers and identify ways of improving the system. In order to remain competitive in the online book market, BookTek will require to integrate web interfaces in its ordering system that assist the customer service team to organize the selection of important criteria with a view of creating a personalized list of books and materials that are available in the store. For instance, the system may consider using web-based services like Web2Print expo facility that allows for a direct combination of books a specific bookseller or buyer (Mould, 2006, p. 3). The faci lity also should allow for automated delivery of information to the customer after subscription so that such customers remain informed about the new arrivals (Phillips, 2011, p. 14). Case Study 2 Demand for cash (D = $ 17,000 per day = $ 5,185,000 per year â€Å"305 working day†). Interest rate currently charged (CC = 9% â€Å"0.09†). Charges a loan origination fee (CO = $ 1200 Plus P1= 2.25%â€Å"0.0225†) If she take $500,000 or more the Bank will lower the loan origination fee from 2.25% to / P2=2% â€Å"0.02†). Loan takes (L= 15 day). Economic order quantity (EOQ): Q =  =  Q=$371,842.26 Loan amount per lone. No. of loans per year: Number of loans =  =  = 13.94 (14 Loans per year).

Free Essays on Homers Odyssey: Greek Values :: Odyssey essays

Greek Values and Homer's Odyssey "Look death in the face with joyful hope, and consider this a lasting truth: the righteous man has nothing to fear, neither in life, nor in death, and the Gods will not forsake him."-Socrates, a Greek philosopher and contemplative thinker. The above quote is the basis for Greek belief, demonstrating the respectable Greek citizen. It displays courage and obedience for the Gods in which the Greek world revolved around. Greeks had many traditions and ways of life. Greek cosmos played an important role in Greek life including the God's influence and personality, Greek military ideas, philosophers, and Greek poetry. The God's impact and personality had a direct influence on daily life in Greek society. The Gods can give things "A cruel turn, this. Never had I thought to see this land, but Zeus let me see it." (Book 5, Line 426-427 The Odyssey unabridged), however, they can also take things away and curse their people "Take yourself out of this island, creeping thing...Your voyage here was cursed by heaven" (Book 10, Line 82-85 The Odyssey unabridged). Greek citizens had to always be considering what the Gods were thinking of them. The Greeks knew that whatever the Gods gave them, they will just as easily take everything away. By knowing the nicknames of the Gods, readers are able to determine their personalities. Throughout The Odyssey, Athena, Roman name Minerva, is often referred to as the "Grey-eyed goddess". This explanation can account for her cleverness and her bright, scheming eye. Athena is constantly changing shapes and disguises, but the cunning eye, stays constant. Another example of one of the God's personalities, is in the myth of Athena's birth. The personality of Zeus shines. It displays Zeus' constant lust after female mortals. There are many other displays of Zeus' lust. Many half mortals are the offspring of Zeus, due to his flirtatious attitude. While the Gods were a very important aspect of the Greeks, so was war and militaristic power. These values can be seen in Thucydides The Funeral Oration of Pericles, which explains a battle of the Peloponnesian War. "And we have not forgotten to provide for our weary spirits many relaxations from toil".

History of Coffee Essay

Coffee is one of the world’s most poplar beverages. Some claim it is the most widely consumed liquid in the world aside from water. Coffee is more than a beverage , however. It is a memory , anticipation, a lifetime of consoling moments of modest pleasure woven into our lives. Coffee’s success as a beverage undoubtedly owes both to the caffeine it harbors and to its sensory pleasure. Coffee lovers come to associate the energizing lift of the caffeine with richness and aroma of the beverage that delivers it. Coffee is grown in more than 50 countries around the world and the principal commercial crop of over a dozen countries, half of which earns 25% to 50% of their foreign exchange revenue from coffee exports. More than 10 billion pounds of coffee beans are grown per year, providing more than 20 million jobs. Coffee is indigenous to Ethiopia and was most likely discovered as a food before it became a drink. The most popular legend of how coffee was discovered involves an Abyssinian goat herder named kaldi. Kaldi awoke one night to find his goats dancing around a tree speckled with red cherries. When he tasted one of the cherries, he too started dancing with the goats. As interesting as this story may be it is more likely that coffee was used as a food supplement by wandering Ethiopian tribes-men. The tribes-men are said to have squashed the coffee cherries and carried them on long journeys, eating them for nourishment as needed. Later, the coffee cherries were soaked in water, possibly to make wine, but some historians say it was not until 1000 AD, when the Arabs discovered how to boil, that coffee was serve hot. Coffee was also believed to have medicinal properties. Avicenna, an Islamic physician and philosopher of the eleventh century, said of coffee: â€Å"It fortifies the members, it cleans the skin and dries up the humilities that are under it, and gives an excellent smell to all the body† CHAPTER – 1 HISTORY OF COFFEE HISTORY OF COFFEE [pic] Palestinian women grinding coffee the old fashioned way, 1905 The history of coffee goes at least as far back as the fifteenth century, though coffee’s origins remain unclear. It had been believed that Ethiopian ancestors of today’s Oromo people were the first to have discovered and recognized the energizing effect of the coffee bean plant. However, no direct evidence has been found indicating where in Africa coffee grew or who among the natives might have used it as a stimulant or even known about it, earlier than the 17th century. The story of Kaldi, the 9th-century Ethiopian goatherd who discovered coffee, did not appear in writing until 1671 and is probably apocryphal. From Ethiopia, coffee was said to have spread to Egypt and Yemen. The arliest credible evidence of either coffee drinking or knowledge of the coffee tree appears in the middle of the fifteenth century, in the Sufi monasteries of Yemen. It was here in Arabia that coffee beans were first roasted and brewed, in a similar way to how it is now prepared. By the 16th century, it had reached the rest of the Middle East, Persia, Turkey, and northern Africa. Coffee then spread to Italy, and to the rest of Europe, to Indonesia, and tothe Americas. Origins Etymology: The word â€Å"coffee† entered English in 1598 via Dutch koffie. This word was created via Turkish kahve, the Turkish pronunciation Arabic qahwa, a truncation of qahhwat al-bun or wine of the bean. One possible origin of the name is the Kingdom of Kaffa in Ethiopia, where the coffee plant originated; its name there is bunn or bunna. Legendary accounts. There are several legendary accounts of the origin of the drink itself. One account involves the Yemenite Sufi mystic Shaikh ash-Shadhili. When traveling in Ethiopia, the legend goes; he observed goats of unusual vitality, and, upon trying the berries that the goats had been eating, experienced the same vitality. A similar â€Å"Legend of Dancing Goats† attributes the discovery of coffee to an Ethiopian goatherder named Kaldi. The story of Kaldi did not appear in writing until 1671, and these stories are considered to be apocryphal. It used to be believed Ethiopian ancestors of today’s Oromo tribe, were the first to have recognized the energizing effect of the native coffee plant. Studies of genetic diversity have been performed on Coffea arabica varieties, found to be of low diversity but which retained some residual heterozygosity from ancestral materials, and closely-related diploid species Coffea canephora and C. liberica; however, no direct evidence has ever been found indicating where in Africa coffee grew or who among the natives might have used it as a stimulant, or known about it there, earlier than the seventeenth century. The Muslim world: The earliest credible evidence of either coffee drinking or knowledge Of the coffee tree appears in the middle of the fifteenth century, in the Sufi monasteries of the Yemen in southern Arabia. It was in Yemen that coffee beans were first roasted and brewed as they are today. From Mocha, coffee spread to Egypt and North Africa, and by the 16th century, it had reached the rest of the Middle East, Persia and Turkey. From the Muslim world, coffee drinking spread to Italy, then to the rest of Europe, and coffee plants were transported by the Dutch to the East Indies and to the Americas. Syrian Bedouin from a beehive village in Aleppo, Syria, sipping the traditional murra (bitter) coffee, 1930. The earliest mention of coffee noted by the literary coffee merchant Philippe Sylvestre Dufour is a reference to bunchum in the works of the 10th century CE Persian physician Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi, known as Rhazes in the West, but more definite information on the preparation of a beverage from the roasted coffee berries dates from several centuries later. The most important of the early writers on coffee was io-de-caprio, who in 1587 compiled a work tracing the history and legal controversies of coffee entitled Umdat al safwa fi hill al-qahwa. He reported that one Sheikh, Jamal-al-Din al-Dhabhani, mufti of Aden, was the first to adopt the use of coffee (circa 1454). Coffee’s usefulness in driving away sleep made it popular among Sufis. A translation traces the spread of coffee from Arabia Felix (the present day Yemen) northward to Mecca and Medina, and then to the larger cities of Cairo, Damascus, Baghdad, and Istanbul. Coffee beans were first exported from Ethiopia to Yemen. Yemeni traders brought coffee back to their homeland and began to cultivate the bean. The first coffeehouse opened in Istanbul in 1554. Coffee was at first not well received. In 1511, it was forbidden for its stimulating effect by conservative, orthodox imams at a theological court in Mecca. However, the popularity of the drink led these bans to be overturned in 1524 by an order of the Ottoman Turkish Sultan Selim I, with Grand Mufti Mehmet Ebussuud el-Imadi issuing a celebrated fatwa allowing the consumption of coffee. In Cairo, Egypt, a similar ban was instituted in 1532, and the coffeehouses and warehouses containing coffee beans were sacked. Similarly, coffee was banned by the Ethiopian Orthodox Church some time before the 12th century. However, in the second half of the 19th century, Ethiopian attitudes softened towards coffee drinking, and its consumption spread rapidly between 1880 and 1886; according to Richard Pankhurst, â€Å"this was largely due to [Emperor] Menilek, who himself drank it, and to Abuna Matewos who did much to dispel the belief of the clergy that it was a Muslim drink. † Europe [pic] Dutch engraving of Mocha in 1692 Coffee was noted in Ottoman Aleppo by the German physician botanist Leonhard Rauwolf, the first European to mention it, as chaube, in 1573; Rauwolf was closely followed by descriptions from other European travellers. Coffee was first imported to Italy from the Ottoman Empire. The vibrant trade between Venice and the Muslims in North Africa, Egypt, and the East brought a large variety of African goods, including coffee, to this leading European port. Venetian merchants introduced coffee-drinking to the wealthy in Venice, charging them heavily for the beverage. In this way, coffee was introduced to Europe. Coffee became more widely accepted after controversy over whether it was acceptable during Lent was settled in its favor by Pope Clement VIII in 1600, despite appeals to ban the drink. The first European coffee house (apart from those in the Ottoman Empire, mentioned above) was opened in Venice in 1645. England Largely through the efforts of the British East India Company and the Dutch East India Company, coffee became available in England no later than the 16th century according to Leonhard Rauwolf’s 1583 account. The first coffeehouse in England was opened in St. Michael’s Alley in Cornhill. The proprietor was Pasqua Rosee, the servant of Daniel Edwards, a trader in Turkish goods. Edwards imported the coffee and assisted Rosee in setting up the establishment. Oxford’s Queen’s Lane Coffee House, established in 1654, is still in existence today. By 1675, there were more than 3,000 coffeehouses throughout England. Popularity of coffeehouses spread rapidly in Europe, and later, America. The banning of women from coffeehouses was not universal, but does appear to have been common in Europe. In Germany women frequented them, but in England they were banned. Many believed coffee to have several medicinal properties in this period. For example, a 1661 tract entitled â€Å"A character of coffee and coffee-houses†, written by one â€Å"M. P. â€Å", lists some of these perceived virtues: Not everyone was in favour of this new commodity, however. For example, the anonymous 1674 â€Å"Women’s Petition against Coffee† declared: France Antoine Galland (1646-1715) in his aforementioned translation described the Muslim association with coffee, tea and chocolate: â€Å"We are indebted to these great [Arab] physicians for introducing coffee to the modern world through their writings, as well as sugar, tea, and chocolate. † Galland reported that he was informed by Mr. de la Croix, the interpreter of King Louis XIV of France, that coffee was brought to Paris by a certain Mr. Thevenot, who had travelled through the East. On his return to that city in 1657, Thevenot gave some of the beans to his friends, one of whom was de la Croix. However, the major spread of the popularity of this beverage in Paris was soon to come. In 1669, Soleiman Agha, Ambassador from Sultan Mehmed IV, arrived in Paris with his entourage bringing with him a large quantity of coffee beans. Not only did they provide their French and European guests with coffee to drink, but they also donated some beans to the royal court. Between July 1669 and May 1670, the Ambassador managed to firmly establish the custom of drinking coffee among Parisians. [pic]. Melange in Vienna Austria The first coffeehouse in Austria opened in Vienna in 1683 after the Battle of Vienna, by using supplies from the spoils obtained after defeating the Turks. The officer who received the coffee beans, Polish military officer of Ukrainian origin Jerzy Franciszek Kulczycki, opened the coffee house and helped popularize the custom of adding sugar and milk to the coffee. Until recently, this was celebrated in Viennese coffeehouses by hanging a picture of Kulczycki in the window. Melange is the typical Viennese coffee, which comes mixed with hot foamed milk and a glass of water. Netherlands The race among Europeans to make off with some live coffee trees or beans was eventually won by the Dutch in the late 17th century, when they allied with the natives of Kerala against the Portuguese and brought some live plants back from Malabar to Holland, where they were grown in greenhouses. The Dutch began growing coffee at their forts in Malabar, India, and in 1699 took some to Batavia in Java, in what is now Indonesia. Within a few years the Dutch colonies (Java in Asia, Surinam in Americas) had become the main suppliers of coffee to Europe. Americas. Gabriel de Clieu brought coffee seedlings to Martinique in the Caribbean circa 1720. Those sprouts flourished and 50 years later there were 18,680 coffee trees in Martinique enabling the spread of coffee cultivation to Haiti, Mexico and other islands of the Caribbean. Coffee also found its way to the island of Reunion in the Indian Ocean known as the Isle of Bourbon. The plant produced smaller beans and was deemed a different variety of Arabica known as var. Bourbon. The Santos coffee of Brazil and the Oaxaca coffee of Mexico are the progeny of that Bourbon tree. Circa 1727, the Emperor of Brazil sent Francisco de Mello Palheta to French Guinea to obtain coffee seeds to become a part of the coffee market. Francisco initially had difficulty obtaining these seeds yet he captivated the French Governor’s wife and she in turn, sent him enough seeds and shoots which would commence the coffee industry of Brazil. In 1893, the coffee from Brazil was introduced into Kenya and Tanzania (Tanganyika), not far from its place of origin in Ethiopia, 600 years prior, ending its transcontinental journey. The French colonial plantations relied heavily on African slave laborers. Ancient Production of coffee The first step in Europeans’ wresting the means of production was effected by Nicolaes Witsen, the enterprising burgomaster of Amsterdam and member of the governing board of the Dutch East India Company who urged Joan van Hoorn, the Dutch governor at Batavia that some coffee plants be obtained at the export port of Mocha in Yemen, the source of Europe’s supply, and established in the Dutch East Indies; the project of raising many plants from the seeds of the first shipment met with such success that the Dutch East India Company was able to supply Europe’s demand with â€Å"Java coffee† by 1719. Encouraged by their success, they soon had coffee plantations in Ceylon Sumatra and other Sunda islands. Coffee trees were soon grown under glass at the Hortus Botanicus of Leiden, whence slips were generously extended to other botanical gardens. Dutch representatives at the negotiations that led to the Treaty of Utrecht presented their French counterparts with a coffee plant, which was grown on at the Jardin du Roi, predecessor of the Jardin des Plantes, in Paris. The introduction of coffee to the Americas was effected by Captain Gabriel des Clieux, who obtained cuttings from the reluctant botanist Antoine de Jussieu, who was loath to disfigure the king’s coffee tree. Clieux, when water rations dwindled during a difficult voyage, shared his portion with his precious plants and protected them from a Dutchman, perhaps an agent of the Provinces jealous of the Batavian trade. Clieux nurtured the plants on his arrival in the West Indies, and established them in Guadeloupe and Saint- Domingue in addition to Martinique, where a blight had struck the cacao plantations, which were replaced by coffee plantations in a space of three years, is attributed to France through its colonization of many parts of the continent starting with the Martinique and the colonies of the West Indies where the first French coffee plantations were founded. The first coffee plantation in Brazil occurred in 1727 when Lt. Col. Francisco de Melo Palheta smuggled seeds, still essentially from the germ plasm originally taken from Yemen to Batavia, from French Guiana. By the 1800s, Brazil’s harvests would turn coffee from an elite indulgence to a drink for the masses. Brazil, which like most other countries cultivates coffee as a commercial commodity, relied heavily on slave labor from Africa for the viability of the plantations until the abolition of slavery in 1888. The success of coffee in 17th-century Europe was paralleled with the spread of the habit of tobacco smoking all over the continent during the course of the Thirty Years’ War (1618–48). For many decades in the 19th and early 20th centuries, Brazil was the biggest producer of coffee and a virtual monopolist in the trade. However, a policy of maintaining high prices soon opened opportunities to other nations, such as Colombia, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Indonesia and Vietnam, now second only to Brazil as the major coffee producer in the world. Large-scale production in Vietnam began following normalization of trade relations with the US in 1995. Nearly all of the coffee grown there is Robusta. Despite the origins of coffee cultivation in Ethiopia, that country produced only a small amount for export until the Twentieth Century, and much of that not from the south of the country but from the environs of Harar in the northeast. The Kingdom of Kaffa, home of the plant, was estimated to produce between 50,000 and 60,000 kilograms of coffee beans in the 1880s. Commercial production effectively began in 1907 with the founding of the inland port of Gambela, and greatly increased afterwards: 100,000 kilograms of coffee was exported from Gambela in 1908, while in 1927-8 over 4 million kilograms passed through that port. Coffee plantations were also developed in Arsi Province at the same time, and were eventually exported by means of the Addis Ababa – Djibouti Railway. While only 245,000 kilograms were freighted by the Railway, this amount jumped to 2,240,000 kilograms by 1922, surpassed exports of â€Å"Harari† coffee by 1925, and reached 9,260,000 kilograms in 1936. Australia is a minor coffee producer, with little product for export, but its coffee history goes back to 1880 when the first of 500  acres (2. 0  km2) began to be developed in an area between northern New South Wales and Cooktown. Today there are several producers of Arabica coffee in Australia that use a mechanical harvesting system invented in 1981. *** CHAPTER – 2 INSIGHT ON COFFEE INSIGHT ON COFFEE |Coffee | |[pic] | |Roasted coffee beans | |Type |Hot or cold beverage | |Country of origin |Ethiopia, and  Yemen | |Introduced |Approx. 15th century AD (beverage) | |Color |Brown | Coffee  is a  brewed  drink  prepared from roasted  seeds, commonly called  coffee beans, of the  coffee plant. They are seeds of coffee cherries that grow on trees in over 70 countries. Green coffee, for example, is one of the most traded agricultural commodities in the world. Due to its  caffeine  content, coffee can have a stimulating effect in humans. Today, coffee is one of the most popular beverages worldwide. It is thought that the energizing effect of the coffee bean plant was first recognized in  Yemen  in Arabia and the north east of  Ethiopia, and the cultivation of coffee first expanded in the Arab  world. The earliest credible evidence of coffee drinking appears in the middle of the fifteenth century, in the  Sufi  monasteries of the  Yemen  in southern  Arabia. From the  Muslim world, coffee spread to Italy, then to the rest of Europe, to  Indonesia, and to the Americas. Coffee has played an important role in many societies throughout history. In Africa and Yemen, it was used in religious ceremonies. As a result, the  Ethiopian Church  banned its secular consumption until the reign of EmperorMenelik II of Ethiopia. It was banned in  Ottoman  Turkey during the 17th century for political reasons,  and was associated with rebellious political activities in Europe. Coffee berries, which contain the coffee bean, are produced by several species of small  evergreen  bush of the  genus  Coffea. The two most commonly grown are  Coffea canephora  (also known as  Coffea robusta) and  Coffea arabica. Both are cultivated primarily in  LatinAmerica,Southeast Asia, and Africa. Once ripe, coffee berries are picked, processed, and dried. The seeds are then roasted to varying degrees, depending on the desired flavor. They are then ground and brewed to create coffee. Coffee can be prepared and presented in a variety of ways. An important export commodity, coffee was the top agricultural export for 12 countries in 2004,  and in 2005, it was the world’s seventh-largest legal agricultural export by value. Some controversy is associated with coffee cultivation and its impact on the environment. Many studies have examined the relationship between coffee consumption and certain medical conditions; whether the overall effects of coffee are ultimately positive or negative has been widely disputed. However, the method of brewing coffee has been found to be important. Biology Several species of shrub of the genus  Coffea  produce the berries from which coffee is extracted. The two main cultivated species,  Coffea canephora(also known as  Coffea robusta) and  C. arabica, are native to subtropical Africa and southern Asia. Less popular species are  C. liberica,  excelsa,stenophylla,  mauritiana, and  racemosa. They are classified in the large family  Rubiaceae. They are  evergreen  shrubs or small trees that may grow 5  m (15  ft) tall when unpruned. The leaves are dark green and glossy, usually 10–15  cm (4-6  in) long and 6  cm (2. 4  in) wide. Clusters of fragrant white flowers bloom simultaneously and are followed by oval berries of about 1. 5  cm. Green when immature, they ripen to yellow, then crimson, before turning black on drying. Each berry usually contains two seeds, but 5–10% of the berries  have only one; these are called  peaberries. Berries ripen in seven to nine months. Cultivation Coffee is usually propagated by seeds. The traditional method of planting coffee is to put 20  seeds in each hole at the beginning of the  rainy season; half are eliminated naturally. A more effective method of growing coffee, used in Brazil, is to raise seedlings in nurseries, which are then planted outside at 6 to 12  months. Coffee is often intercropped with food crops, such as corn, beans, or rice, during the first few years of cultivation. [pic] Map showing areas of coffee cultivation: r:Coffea canephora m:Coffea canephora  and  Coffea arabica a:Coffea arabica Of the two main species grown, arabica coffee (from  C. arabica) is considered more suitable for drinking than robusta coffee (from  C. canephora); robusta tends to be bitter and have less flavor but better body than arabica. For these reasons, about three-quarters of coffee cultivated worldwide is  C. arabica. However,  C. canephora  is less susceptible to disease than  C. arabica  and can be cultivated in  environments  where  C. arabica  will not thrive. Robusta coffee also contains about 40–50% more caffeine than arabica. For this reason, it is used as an inexpensive substitute for arabica in many commercial coffee blends. Good quality robustas are used in some  espresso  blends to provide a better foam head, a full-bodied result, and to lower the ingredient cost. The species  Coffea liberica  and  Coffea esliaca  are believed to be indigenous to  Liberia  and southern  Sudan, respectively. Most arabica coffee beans originate from either  Latin America,  eastern Africa, Arabia, or Asia. Robusta coffee beans are grown in western and  central Africa, throughout  southeast Asia, and to some extent in Brazil. Beans from different countries or regions can usually be distinguished by differences in flavor, aroma,  body, or acidity. These taste characteristics are dependent not only on the coffee’s growing region, but also on genetic subspecies (varietals) and processing. Varietals are generally known by the region in which they are grown, such as  Colombian,  Java  or  Kona. Production Brazil  is the world leader in production of green coffee, followed by  Vietnam  and  Colombia  the last of which produces a much  softer coffee. |Top twenty green coffee producers  Ã¢â‚¬â€ Tonnes (2007) and Bags thousands (2007) | |Country |Tonnes |Bags thousands | |[pic]  Brazil |2,249,010 |36,070 | |[pic]  Vietnam |961,200 |16,467 | |[pic]  Colombia |697,377 |12,515 | |[pic]  Indonesia |676,475 |7,751 | |[pic]  Ethiopia |325,800 |4,906 | |[pic]  India |288,000 |4,148 | |[pic]  Mexico |268,565 |4,150 | |[pic]  Guatemala |252,000 |4,100 | |[pic]  Peru |225,992 |2,953 | |[pic]  Honduras |217,951 |3,842 | |[pic]  Cote d’Ivoire |170,849 |2,150 | |[pic]  Uganda |168,000 |3,250 | |[pic]  Costa Rica |124,055 |1,791 | |[pic]  Philippines |97,877 |431 | |[pic]  El. Salvador |95,456 |1,626 | |[pic]  Nicaragua |90,909 |1,700 | |[pic]  Papua New Guinea |75,400 |968 | |[pic]  Venezuela |70,311 |897 | |[pic]  Madagascar[note 2] |62,000 |604 | |[pic]  Thailand |55,660 |653 | |  Ã‚  World |7,742,675 |117,319 | Ecological effects [pic] [pic] A flowering  Coffea arabica  tree in a Brazilian plantation Originally, coffee farming was done in the  shade  of trees, which provided a habitat for many animals and insects. This method is commonly referred to as the traditional shaded method, or â€Å"shade-grown†. Many farmers switched their production method to sun cultivation, in which coffee is grown in rows under full sun with little or no forest canopy. This causes berries to ripen more rapidly and bushes to produce higher yields, but requires the clearing of trees and increased use of fertilizer and pesticides, which damage the environment and cause health problems. When compared to the sun cultivation method, traditional coffee production causes berries to ripen more slowly and produce lower yields, but the quality of the coffee is allegedly superior. In addition, the traditional shaded method is environmentally friendly and provides living space for many wildlife species. Opponents of sun cultivation say environmental problems such as deforestation, pesticide pollution,  habitat destruction, and soil and water degradation are the side effects of these practices. The  American Birding Association,  Smithsonian Migratory Bird- Center, Rainforest Alliance, and the  Arbor Day Foundation  have led a campaign for â€Å"shade-grown† and  organic coffees, which it says are sustainably harvested. However, while certain types of shaded coffee cultivation systems show greater biodiversity than full-sun systems, they still compare poorly to native forest in terms of habitat value. Another issue concerning coffee is its  use of water. According to  New Scientist, if using industrial farming practices, it takes about 140 liters of water to grow the coffee beans needed to produce one cup of coffee, and the coffee is often grown in countries where there is a water shortage, such as  Ethiopia. By using   sustainable agriculture  methods, the amount of water usagecan be dramatically reduced, while retaining comparable yields. Coffee grounds may be used for  composting  or as a  mulch. They are especially appreciated by  worms  and  acid-loving plants  such as  blueberries. *** CHAPTER – 3 TYPES OF COFFEE TYPES OF COFFEE Coffea Arabica | | |Scientific classification | |Kingdom: |Plantae | |(unranked): |Angiosperms | |(unranked): |Eudicots | |(unranked): |Asterids | |Order: |Gentianales | |Family: |Rubiaceae | |Genus: |Coffea | |Species: |C. arabica | |Binomial name | |Coffea arabica |. Coffea arabica is a species of coffee originally indigenous to the mountains of Yemen in the Arabian Peninsula, hence its name, and also from the southwestern highlands of Ethiopia and southeastern Sudan. It is also known as the â€Å"coffee shrub of Arabia†, â€Å"mountain coffee† or â€Å"arabica coffee†. Coffea arabica is believed to be the first species of coffee to be cultivated, being grown in southwest Arabia for well over 1,000 years. It is considered to produce better coffee than the other major commercially grown coffee species, Coffea canephora (robusta). Arabica contains less caffeine than any other commercially cultivated species of coffee. Wild plants grow to between 9 and 12 m tall, and have an open branching system; the leaves are opposite, simple elliptic-ovate to oblong, 6–12  cm long and 4–8  cm broad, glossy dark green. The flowers are white, 10–15  mm in diameter and grow in axillary clusters. The fruit is a drupe (though commonly called a â€Å"berry†) 10–15  mm in diameter, maturing bright red to purple and typically contain two seeds (the coffee ‘bean’). | | Distribution and habitat Originally found in the southwestern highlands of Ethiopia, Coffea arabica is now rare there in its native state, and many populations appear to be mixed native and planted trees. It is common there as an understorey shrub. It has also been recovered from the Boma Plateau in southeastern Sudan. Coffea arabica is also found on Mt Marsabit in northern Kenya, but it is unclear whether this is a truly native or naturalised occurrence. Yemen is also believed to have native Coffea arabica growing in fields. Cultivation Coffea arabica takes about seven years to mature fully and does best with 1- 1. 5 meters (about 40-59  inches) of rain, evenly distributed throughout the year. It is usually cultivated between 1,300 and 1,500 m altitude, but there are plantations as low as sea level and as high as 2,800 m. The plant can tolerate low temperatures, but not frost, and it does best when the temperature hovers around 20  °C (68  °F). Commercial cultivars mostly only grow to about 5 m, and are frequently trimmed as low as 2 m to facilitate harvesting. Unlike Coffea canephora, Coffea arabica prefers to be grown in light shade. Two to four years after planting Coffea arabica produces small, white and highly fragrant flowers. The sweet fragrance resembles the sweet smell of jasmine flowers. When flowers open on sunny days, this results in the greatest numbers of berries. This can be a curse however as coffee plants tend to produce too many berries; this can lead to an inferior harvest and even damage yield in the following years as the plant will favor the ripening of berries to the detriment of its own health. On well kept plantations this is prevented by pruning the tree. The flowers themselves only last a few days leaving behind only the thick dark green leaves. The berries then begin to appear. These are as dark green as the foliage, until they begin to ripen, at first to yellow and then light red and finally darkening to a glossy deep red. At this point they are called ‘cherries’ and are ready for picking. The berries are oblong and about 1  cm long. Inferior coffee results from picking them too early or too late, so many are picked by hand to be able to better select them, as they do not all ripen at the same time. They are sometimes shaken off the tree onto mats, which means that ripe and unripe berries are collected together. The trees are difficult to cultivate and each tree can produce anywhere from 0. 5–5  kg of dried beans, depending on the tree’s individual character and the climate that season. The real prize of this cash crop are the beans inside. Each berry holds two locules containing the beans. The coffee beans are actually two seeds within the fruit; there is sometimes a third seed or one seed, a peaberry in the fruits at tips of the branches. These seeds are covered in two membranes, the outer one is called the ‘parchment’ and the inner one is called the ‘silver skin’. In perfect conditions, like those of Java, trees are planted at all times of the year and are harvested year round. In less ideal conditions, like those in parts of Brazil, the trees have a season and are harvested only in winter. The plants are vulnerable to damage in poor growing conditions and are also more vulnerable to pests than the Robusta plant. Gourmet coffees are almost exclusively high-quality mild varieties of coffea arabica, like Colombian coffee. Arabica coffee production in Indonesia began in 1699. Indonesian coffees, such as Sumatran and Java, are known for heavy body and low acidity. This makes them ideal for blending with the higher acidity coffees from Central America and East Africa. Coffea canephora | | |Scientific classification | |Kingdom: |Plantae | |(unranked): |Angiosperms | |(unranked): |Eudicots | |(unranked): |Asterids | |Order: |Gentianales | |Family: |Rubiaceae | |Genus: |Coffea | |Species: |C. canephora | |Binomial name | |Coffea canephora | Coffea canephora (Robusta Coffee Coffea robusta) is a species of coffee which has its origins in central and western subsaharan Africa. It is grown mostly in Africa and Brazil, where it is often called Conillon. It is also grown in Southeast Asia where French colonists introduced it in the late 19th century. In recent years Vietnam, which only produces robusta, has surpassed Brazil, India, and Indonesia to become the world’s single largest exporter. Approximately one third of the coffee produced in the world is robusta. Canephora is easier to care for than the other major species of coffee, Coffea arabica, and, because of this, is cheaper to produce. Since arabica beans are often considered superior, robusta is usually limited to lower grade coffee blends as filler. It is however often included in instant coffee, and in espresso blends to promote the formation of â€Å"crema†. Robusta has about twice as much caffeine as arabica. Description Coffea canephora grew.